INTRODUCTION:
As today's biomedical technologies demand new, inventive systems to replace the requirement for traditional procedures and instruments, the necessity for targeted drug delivery systems is growing.1 A potential remedy for these and other medical issues is biomedical microrobots. By creating nano- and micro-scale robots that move throughout the human body, nanomedicine provides the possibility of strong new instruments for the treatment of human biological systems.2
These tools might be used to deploy new technologies that would redefine current processes.3 Nanomedicine is the application of molecular tools and human body molecular knowledge to the diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and pain relief of diseases and traumatic injuries, as well as to maintain human health.4 Bio nanorobots are nanorobots whose designs and functions are inspired by biological material (peptides and DNAs).5 These draw inspiration from both machines and the natural world.6 Most nanomedicine issues could have solutions suggested by nanorobots.7 The primary definition of nanomedicine is the use of nanotechnology in medicine.8 Science and engineering at the atomic and molecular levels are referred to as nanotechnology. A nanometer is one billionth of a meter, or roughly 1/80000 of a human hair’s diameter or ten times that of a hydrogen atom.10
Numerous benefits are possible with nanorobots. Beyond the present approach, like
1. Utilizing drug delivery systems with nanorobots that have higher bioavailability.
2. Targeted treatment, such as treating only cancerous cells.
3. Reduction in errors in computer control and automation.
4. Reaction remote regions in human autonomy that are not feasible to operate on at a surgeon' table.
5. The benefits of a large interfacial area during mass transfer can be realized as drug molecules are transported by nanorobots and released where necessary.
6. Better accuracy.
7. Non – invasive technique
The term “nanorobots,” which refers to the engineering concept of nanorobots, is often used to denigrate this fictional context.11 When referring to serious engineering studies in a nonfictional context, the term “nanorobots” is appropriate12
History of Nan robots:
Nobellaureate Richard Smalley expanded his vision in the 1980s to include carbon nanotubes, which Sumio Liijima discovered.13 Smalley saw these as the next big connection for incredibly small electronics.14 The phrase “nanotechnology” now refers to the process of manipulating materials to produce novel and practical structures.15
1. December 1959: Richard Feynman gives the famous “There’s a plenty of room at the bottom” talk first use of the concept of nanotechnology, described as individual atom and molecules can be manipulated.16
2. 1974: Nanotechnology is the study of material separation, consolidation, and deformation by atoms or molecules, according to Professor Norio Taniguchi.17
3. 1980’s: Dr. Eric Drexler writes numerous scientific articles endorsing devices and phenomena at the nanoscale.18
4. 1986: Dr. Eric Drexler's book Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology is released. He thought of nanorobots as self-replicating entities. An introduction to nanotechnology.19
Components of Nanorobots:
1. Payload: This empty space contains a tiny amount of medication or drug. The medication could be released by the nanorobots into the bloodstream at the site of an infection orinjury.20
2. Microcamera: One of the nanorobots might have a tiny camera. When manually Navigating the nanorobots through the body, the operator can steer them.21
3. Electrodes: The electrolytes in blood could be used by the electrodes on the nanorobot to create a battery. Additionally, by producing an electric current and heating the cancer cells to death, these protruding electrogel could destroy the cancer cell.
4. Lasers: These lasers have the potential to burn harmful materials like blood clots, Cancer cells and article plaque.22
5. Ultra Sonic Signal Genrators: When kidney stones are the target of a nanorobot and are destroyed, these generators are used.23
6. Swimming Tail: Since the nanorobots travel against the body's blood flow, they will need a means of propulsion to enter thebody.24 Software called “nanorobots control design” is created to simulate nanorobots in fluid environments where brownian motion is predominant. The nano robot will be able to move with the help of motors and either mechanical legs or manipulator arms.25 The two primary methods used in the construction of nanorobots are self-assembly and positional assembly.26 In self-assembly, the molecule is selected using the arm of a tiny robot or microscopic set.27
Researchers will combine billions of molecules in positional assembly, and the molecules will then spontaneously assemble into the required configuration according to their inherent affinities.28
Types of Nanorobots:
· Respirocytes: Respirocytes are nanorobots that are engineered to resemble artificial Mechanical red blood cells.29 They are spherical, blood-borne, and have an outer shell made of diamond at 1000 atmospheric pressure, along with reversible pumps that selectively absorb specific molecules.30 The body uses respirocytes to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules.31 Each respirocyte is made up of 18 billion atoms that are carefully arranged in diamond-shaped pressure tanks, which have the capacity to hold up to 3 billion molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Compared to natural red blood cells, the respirocyte would provide 236 times more oxygen to bodily tissue. It could also regulate the carbonic acidity, which would be managed by the onboard nanocomputer and gas concentration sensor.32
Fig. 1: An Artificial Red Cell - the respirocyte design by Robert A. Freitas Jr.
· Microbivores: Microbivores, also referred to as nanorobotic phagocytes, are nanorobotics that serve as artificial white blood cells. The microbivore is a spheroidal device composed of sapphire and diamond that has a diameter of 2.0 micrometers along its minor axis and 3.4 micrometers along its major axis. It is made up of 610 billion precisely arranged atoms. Each microbivore’s primary job is to use the process of phagocytosis to absorb and digest the pathogens present in the bloodstream. The microbivore consists of 4 fundamental components.33
a. An array of reversible binding site
b. An array of telescoping rapples
c. A morcellation chamber
d. Digestion chamber
Using a species-specific reversible binding side, the target bacterium attaches itself to the microbivore surface during its cycle of activity.34 When the bacterium and microbivore collide, the surface comes into close contact, which enables the reversible binding site to identify and bind to the bacterium weakly.35 Mechanism of phagocytosis by microbivore is given in fig 2.
Fig. 2: Mechanism of Phagocytosis by Microbivore
During a single digestion cycle, when morcellate is gradually reduced into amino acids, mononucleotides, free fatty acids, and simple sugars, these enzymes are injected and extracted six times. The exhaust portion allows the small molecules to be released into the bloodstream.36 The microbivore enters the body through the kidneys and is subsequently eliminated in the urine following the destruction of pathogens.37 The entire microbivore cycle of phagocytosis takes 30 seconds to complete, and since the bacterial components are broken down into non-antigenic biomolecules, there is no risk of septic shock or sepsis. It can aslo be used to clear respiratory cerebrospinal bacterial infection or infections in urinary fluids and synovial fluids.38
· Clottocytes: The process of blood clotting known as homeostasis occurs when platelets damage blood vessel endothelium cells.39 The natural blood-clotting process can take two to three minutes.40 Nanotechnology has demonstrated the ability to shorten this time and minimize blood loss in certain patients.41 In these patients, abnormal blood clotting is treated with medications like corticosteroids.42 These platelets can be activated by the collision of exposed collagen from the damaged blood vessels with the platelets. Corticosteroid treatment has side effects that include allergic reactions, blood or platelet damage to the lungs, and hormonal secretions.43
Fig. 3: Blood Clotting Mechanism of Clottocyte
The conceptual layout Clottocytes are mechanical platelets or artificial clottocytes that could achieve hemostasis in about a second.44 It is a spherical nanorobot powered by serum oxyglucose with a diameter of about 2 micrometers and a compactly folded fiber mess on board. Clottocytes respond 100–2000 times faster than the body’s own hemostatic mechanism. The fiber mesh would break down into a soluble film when it came into contact with plasma, revealing sticky meesters. The mesh would be biodegradable.45
On board Computers of Nanorobots:
1. Pumping
2. Sensing
3. Configuration
4. Energy
5. Communication
6. Navigation
7. Manipulation
Fig. 4: Locomotion of Nanorobots Field
Application:
1. A cream that contains nanorobots may be used to treat skin conditions; it can remove excess and missing oil and the appropriate amount of dead skin. Apply the recommended quantity of a natural moisturizing agent.
2. A mouthwash containing intelligent nanotechnology could detect and eliminate harmful bacteria while promoting the growth of beneficial oral flora in a balanced environment.46
CONCLUSION:
The use of nanotechnology as a tool for diabetes and cancer patients' diagnosis and treatment demonstrated how real advancements in new manufacturing technologies are enabling ongoing efforts that could aid in the the creation and efficient use of nano robots for biomedical issues. The use of nanorobots in medicine holds great promise for curing disease and delaying the aging process. Additionally, nanorobots are a promising option for industrial use. In medicine, they are expected to hold great promise for respirocytes, which would function 236 times faster than normal red blood cells. Nanorobots have demonstrated significant promise in the diagnosis and treatment of a wide range of medical conditions, including cancer, heart attacks, and other conditions, with high efficacy against numerous diseases.
REFERENCES:
1. Wang J, Zhang Y, Aghda NH, Pillai AR, Thakkar R, Nokhodchi A, Maniruzzaman M. Emerging 3D printing technologies for drug delivery devices: Current status and future perspective. Advanced drug delivery reviews. 2021 Jul 1; 174: 294-316.
2. Mao C, Wan M. Biomedical Micro-and Nanorobots in Disease Treatment: Design, Preparation, and Applications. John Wiley & Sons; 2023 Jan 18.
3. Marion TJ, Fixson SK. The transformation of the innovation process: How digital tools are changing work, collaboration, and organizations in new product development. Journal of Product Innovation Management. 2021 Jan; 38(1): 192-215.
4. Malik S, Muhammad K, Waheed Y. Emerging applications of nanotechnology in healthcare and medicine. Molecules. 2023 Sep 14; 28(18): 6624.
5. Chattha GM, Arshad S, Kamal Y, Chattha MA, Asim MH, Raza SA, Mahmood A, Manzoor M, Dar UI, Arshad A. Nanorobots: An innovative approach for DNA-based cancer treatment. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2023 Feb 1; 80: 104-173.
6. Molina D, Poyatos J, Ser JD, García S, Hussain A, Herrera F. Comprehensive taxonomies of nature-and bio-inspired optimization: Inspiration versus algorithmic behavior, critical analysis recommendations. Cognitive Computation. 2020 Sep; 12: 897-939.
7. Zhang H, Tang J, Cao H, Wang C, Shen C, Liu J. Review of the Applications of Micro/Nanorobots in Biomedicine. ACS Applied Nano Materials. 2024 Jul 24.
8. Nikolova M, Slavchov R, Nikolova G. Nanotechnology in medicine. Drug discovery and evaluation: methods in clinical pharmacology. 2020:533-46
9. Binns C. Introduction to nanoscience and nanotechnology. John Wiley & Sons; 2021 Oct 13.
10. Kalita GD. Chapter-1 Nanotechnology. CHEMICAL SCIENCES. 2020; 1: 1.
11. Bajusz O. When Activism, Tactical Media, Visual and Participatory Media Involve High Stakes: Investigating The Visual And Participatory Aspects Of Science Communication (Doctoral dissertation, Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem).
12. Viswa Chandra R. Nanorobotics in Dentistry. InNanomaterials in Dental Medicine 2023 Apr 4 (pp. 121-139). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
13. Guin M, Singh NB. Nanomaterials: Overview and Historical Perspectives. Emerging Nanomaterials and Their Impact on Society in the 21st Century. 2023 Jan 5; 135: 1-22.
14. MODY CC. TOOLS FOR MAKING MATERIALS: INTRODUCTION. InBETWEEN MAKING AND KNOWING: Tools in the History of Materials Research 2020 (pp. 241-256)..
15. Malik S, Muhammad K, Waheed Y. Nanotechnology: A revolution in modern industry. Molecules. 2023 Jan 9;28(2):661.
16. Pisano R, Durlo A. Feynman’s Frameworks on Nanotechnology in Historiographical Debate. InHandbook for the Historiography of Science 2023 Oct 1 (pp. 441-478). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
17. Srivastava S, Bhargava A, Srivastava S, Bhargava A. Green nanotechnology: an overview. Green nanoparticles: the future of nanobiotechnology. 2022:1-3.
18. Binns C. Introduction to nanoscience and nanotechnology. John Wiley & Sons; 2021 Oct 13.
19. Raghunath BH, Aravind HS, Praveen N, Dinesha P, Manjunath TC. Mathematical Modeling and Simulation of a Nanorobot Using Nano-hive Tool for Medical Applications. InNanoelectronics, Circuits and Communication Systems: Proceeding of NCCS 2019 2021 (pp. 325-345). Springer Singapore.
20. Suhail M, Khan A, Rahim MA, Naeem A, Fahad M, Badshah SF, Jabar A, Janakiraman AK. Micro and nanorobot-based drug delivery: an overview. Journal of Drug Targeting. 2022 Apr 21; 30(4): 349-58
21. Anzar N, Yadav N, Narang J. Nanorobots for improved theranostic applications. InAdvanced Nanoformulations 2023 Jan 1 (pp. 587-611). Academic Press.
22. Pandarathodiyil AK, Anil S. Lasers and their applications in the dental practice. Int J Dentist Oral Sci. 2020 Nov 24; 7(11): 936-43.
23. Mehta J, Borkhataria C, Tejura MN. Nanorobot: A Life Saving Device for the Pharmaceutical and Medical Industries. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT). 2023 Apr; 11(4).
24. Sun Z, Hou Y. Micro/Nanorobots as Active Delivery Systems for Biomedicine: From Self‐Propulsion to Controllable Navigation. Advanced Therapeutics. 2022 Jul; 5(7): 2100228.
25. Wei F, Zhong T, Zhan Z, Yao L. Self‐assembled Micro‐nanorobots: From Assembly Mechanisms to Applications. ChemNanoMat. 2021 Mar; 7(3): 238-52.
26. Ghanbarzadeh-Dagheyan A, Jalili N, Ahmadian MT. A holistic survey on mechatronic Systems in Micro/Nano scale with challenges and applications. Journal of Micro-Bio Robotics. 2021 Jun; 17(1): 1-22.
27. Iyer AS, Paul K. Self‐assembly: a review of scope and applications. IET nanobiotechnology. 2015 Jun; 9(3): 122-35.
28. Townshend RJ, Vögele M, Suriana P, Derry A, Powers A, Laloudakis Y, Balachandar S, Jing B, Anderson B, Eismann S, Kondor R. Atom3d: Tasks on molecules in three dimensions. arXiv preprint arXiv:2012.04035. 2020 Dec 7.
29. Patole V, Tupe A, Tanpure S, Swami R, Vitkare V, Jadhav P. Nanorobotic artificial blood components and its therapeutic applications: A minireview. Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971-). 2024 Jan 29: 1-0.
30. Gupta PK. Nanotoxicology in nanobiomedicine. Springer Nature; 2023 Mar 20.
31. Patole V, Tupe A, Tanpure S, Swami R, Vitkare V, Jadhav P. Nanorobotic artificial blood components and its therapeutic applications: A minireview. Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971-). 2024 Jan 29:1-0.
32. Padshala R, Rajan V, Patani P. Nanobots: future and development. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results. 2022 Nov 7: 1967-75.
33. Patole V, Tupe A, Tanpure S, Swami R, Vitkare V, Jadhav P. Nanorobotic artificial blood components and its therapeutic applications: A minireview. Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971-). 2024 Jan 29: 1-0.
34. Freitas Jr RA. Cryostasis revival–the recovery of cryonics patients through nanomedicine. Alcor Life Extension Foundation, Scottsdale Arizona. 2022.
35. Krishnababu K, Kulkarni GS, Athmaja Shetty YR, SN RB. Development of Micro/Nanobots and their Application in Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Industry.
36. Rossner Jr P, Cervena T, Vojtisek-Lom M. In vitro exposure to complete engine emissions–a mini-review. Toxicology. 2021 Oct 1; 462: 152953.
37. Mehta J, Borkhataria C, Tejura MN. Nanorobot: A Life Saving Device for the Pharmaceutical and Medical Industries. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT). 2023 Apr; 11(4).
38. Zeidler H, Hudson AP. Reactive arthritis update: spotlight on new and rare infectious agents implicated as pathogens. Current Rheumatology Reports. 2021 Jul; 23: 1-4
39. Neubauer K, Zieger B. Endothelial cells and coagulation. Cell and tissue research. 2022 Mar; 387(3): 391-8.
40. Thongtonyong N, Chinthammitr Y. Sensitivity and specificity of 20-minute whole blood clotting test, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time tests in diagnosis of defibrination following Malayan pit viper envenoming. Toxicon. 2020 Oct 15; 185: 188-92.
41. Nguyen AB, Iqbal O, Block RC, Mousa SA. Prevention and treatment of atherothrombosis: Potential impact of nanotechnology. Vascular Pharmacology. 2023 Feb 1; 148: 107127.
42. Yao TC, Huang YW, Chang SM, Tsai SY, Wu AC, Tsai HJ. Association between oral corticosteroid bursts and severe adverse events: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Annals of internal medicine. 2020 Sep 1; 173(5): 325-30.
43. McGuinn C, Bussel JB. Disorders of platelets. InLanzkowsky's Manual of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology 2022 Jan 1 (pp. 237-285). Academic Press.
44. Patole V, Tupe A, Tanpure S, Swami R, Vitkare V, Jadhav P. Nanorobotic artificial blood components and its therapeutic applications: A minireview. Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971-). 2024 Jan 29:1-0
45. Roosen M. Analysis of postconsumer plastic packaging waste along the recycling chain: Gaining systematic insights into waste compositions and VOC removal (Doctoral dissertation, Ghent University).
46. Vasiliu S, Racovita S, Gugoasa IA, Lungan MA, Popa M, Desbrieres J. The benefits of smart nanoparticles in dental applications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021 Mar 4; 22(5): 2585.
|
Received on 24.08.2024 Revised on 20.09.2024 Accepted on 10.10.2024 Published on 17.12.2024 Available online on December 23, 2024 Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2024; 14(4):387-391. DOI: 10.52711/2231-5691.2024.00061 ©Asian Pharma Press All Right Reserved
|
|
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Creative Commons License. |
|
